Margarita de Castro y Souza was a 15th-century Portuguese noblewoman whose ancestry, he claims, came from the 13th century ruler Alfonso III and his lover Madragana, whom Valdes took to be. "I can't see it to be honest," says Shawe-Taylor. The dispute would not be resolved in Ernest's lifetime. Most of her 15 children were born in Buckingham House, although St James's Palace remained the official and ceremonial royal residence. Margarita de Castro y Sousa was born in the year 1419, daughter of Fernando Rodrigues De Castro and Mencia de Sousa., they gave birth to 1 child. Ascendncias e parentescos da Casa do Couto d'Alm em Soutelo de Aguiar", Porto, 2000. Prior to that, she was the youngest daughter of Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg, Duke of a small north German town, and his wife, Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Yet Charlotte (1744-1818) has much less resonance in the land where she was actually queen. One thing Van Dusen and Rhimes make clear about their adaptation of Bridgerton: its not a colorblind world. 2. "We've got a version of the same portrait. Her husband died just over a year later. The Ogre (talk) 13:33, 26 May 2009 (UTC), Consider it done! There would be no shame attached to it all," says the royal historian Hugo Vickers. "Margarita")? (Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images), Queen Charlotte. So possibly this person/family had some Sephardic Jewish ancestry? He notes that Charlotte's doctors occasionally used racially pejorative terms to describe her features, illustrating his claims with . ", But isn't her heritage too sketchy to be used to heal old wounds? [46] They were received by the King and his family at the garden gate, which marked the first meeting of the bride and groom. Lady Mary Coke was indignant on hearing in July 1769 that the King, the Queen, her visiting brother Prince Ernest and Lady Effingham had gone for a walk through Richmond town by themselves without any servants. By Stuart Jeffries, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Sir Allan Ramsays 1762 portrait of Queen [36] The Queen Charlotte's Ball, an annual debutante ball that originally funded the hospital, is named after her.[60]. [50], At the Queen's death, her eldest son, the Prince Regent, claimed Charlotte's jewels, and on his death they were in turn claimed by his heir, WilliamIV. [6] Furthermore, Augusta appointed many of Charlotte's staff, among whom several were expected to report to Augusta about Charlotte's behaviour. Here's what we know", "The real story behind Queen Charlotte from Bridgerton", "The blurred racial lines of famous families Queen Charlotte", LEAO, Duarte Nunes de, Primeira parte das Chronicas dos reis de Portvgal (sheet 97), Sousa, Antnio Caetano de, Histria Genealgica da Casa Real Portuguesa, Tomo XII, Parte II (pages 702 and 703), "Real-life queen of 'Bridgerton' wasn't biracial but she was a badass", "The "mulatto" Queen Lisa Hilton Debunks a Growing Myth About a Monarch's Consort", "Royalty, Race and the Curious Case of Queen Charlotte", "Primeira parte das Chronicas dos reis de Portvgal", "The Meaning Of Meghan: 'Black' And 'Royal' No Longer An Oxymoron In Britain", Deneen Brown, "Prince Harry and Meghan Markle wedding: Will the bride really be our first mixed-race royal? O elo, segundo Valdes y Cocom, seria a nobre Margarita de Castro e Sousa, que viveu no sculo 15. Even her physician, Baron Christian Friedrich Stockmar, reportedly described the elderly queen as "small and crooked, with a true mulatto face". Queen Consort Charlotte of Wrttemberg. [] It was the director of the Burney Project (Fanny Burney, the prolific 19th century British diarist, had been secretary to the Queen), Dr. Joyce Hemlow, who obtained from Olwen Hedly, the most recent biographer of the Queen Charlotte (1975), at least half a dozen quotes by her contemporaries regarding her negroid features. And Charlottes presence on the show is very much addressed by its Black characters, noting that without her,they would not necessarily have been afforded the same opportunities. Many historians believe that Queen Charlotte, who lived from 1744 to 1818, may have had distant African ancestry. As for Valdes, he turns out to be an independent historian of the African diaspora who has argued that Peter Ustinov, Heather Locklear, the Medicis, and the Vanderbilts have African ancestry. [28], Queen Charlotte was an amateur botanist who took a great interest in Kew Gardens. Margarida de Castro e Souza, a 15th century Portuguese noblewoman, was an ancestor of Queen Charlotte, 1744 - 1818, consort of King George III of the United Kingdom, through her mother Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe - Hildburghausen. [51], The rest of Charlotte's property was sold at auction from May to August 1819. "A rainha Charlotte, esposa do rei ingls George 3, descendia diretamente de Margarita de Castro e Sousa, um ramo negro da Casa Real Portuguesa", apontou o historiador, em artigo publicada na poca do programa. *Manuel Abranches de Soveral, "Origem dos Souza ditos do Prado", in "Machado de Vila Pouca de Aguiar. Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. This video is unavailable because we were unable to load a message from our sponsors. [2], The children of Duke Charles were all born at the Untere Schloss (Lower Castle) in Mirow. When I was in germany knew this girl who lived in a castle and everything rich girl slumming you know but she took me into this room that had paintings of all her female family members the very first painting was of a dark skinned older woman sitting on what looked like a throne and she was dressed regally so I believe it and Maria got some major cool points after I even her spends a lot of that money she had I mean sense we was family and all lol. It is a great "what if" of history. Birth of Carlos de Neufchastel, arzobispo de Basanzon, Birth of Philippe de Neufchtel, seigneur de Fontenoy. [76] These details gave rise to much later claims that the queen was "mixed-race",[77][78] "biracial",[79] or "black". Both kingdoms were in a personal union under George until the Acts of Union 1800 merged them on 1 January 1801. La Reine Charlotte, ne Duchesse Sophia Charlotte de Mecklembourg-Strelitz le 19 mai 1744, est morte le 17 novembre 1818. The Queen died in the presence of her eldest son, the Prince Regent, who was holding her hand as she sat in an armchair at the family's country retreat, Dutch House in Surrey (now known as Kew Palace). Margarita de Castro e Souza Margarida de Castro e Souza, a 15th century Portuguese noblewoman, was an ancestor of Queen Charlotte, 1744 1818, consort of King George III of the United Kingdom, through her mother Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe Hildburghausen. Evidence has been obtained suggesting that Queen Charlotte was directly. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, was chartered in 1766 as Queen's College, in reference to Queen Charlotte. Pour les hypothses concernant les origines de la Wikipdia en Franais, Gnalogie Gnrale Des Captiens Cette page est une annexe de: Captiens Gnalogie gnrale des Captiens Annexe de: Captiens Cette gnalogie ne prsente que les certitudes. Duchess Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Sophia Charlotte, 1738-1820) was the queen consort of King George III (1738-1820). People of color existed in this country right back to Roman times and Regency London had 20,000Black people., As for Rosheuvel, shes very, very proud as an actor to be part of Rhimes universe of storytelling that pushes diversity while looking at the world thats happening now and look at the humans in the world now and trying to portray that onscreen., While Charlotte was not a character in the books, she certainly is more than just a royal figurehead. (Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images). [86] His conclusion is based on various historical sources that describe Madragana as either Moorish[87] or Mozarab,[88] which Valdes interpreted to mean that she was black. More private and compact, the new property stood amid rolling parkland not far from St James's Palace. Photograph: Guardian. The show is about an entire world. Sua investigao conseguiu rastrear os antepassados de Charlotte at chegar a Margarita de Castro e Souza, uma aristocrata do sculo XV que descenderia do filho ilegtimo do rei Alfonso III . Fernando Rodrigues De Castro 1441; Mencia de Sousa 1410- Union(s) et enfant(s) Avec Jean Lord of Montagu and Fortenoy de Neufchatel 1413-1486 dont. There is also direct genealogical evidence. Valdes writes: "Artists of that period were expected to play down, soften or even obliterate undesirable features in a subject's face. Surely Helen Mirren played Charlotte in the film The Madness of King George and she was, last time I looked, white? O elo de ligao, segundo Valdes y Cocom, seria a nobre Margarita de Castro e Sousa, que viveu no sculo 15. Strelitzia, a genus of flowering plants native to South Africa that has become ubiquitous in warm-weather regions worldwide, is named for Charlotte's native Mecklenburg-Strelitz. ", Shawe-Taylor says that a more instructive source of images of Queen Charlotte might well be the many caricatures of her held at the British Museum. "A rainha Charlotte, esposa do rei ingls George III, descendia diretamente de Margarita de Castro e Sousa, um ramo negro da Casa Real Portuguesa", apontou o historiador, em artigo publicada na poca do programa. [22] From 1792 she found some relief from her worry about her husband by planning the gardens and decoration of a new residence for herself, Frogmore House, in Windsor Home Park. Adding Queen Charlotte afforded us an opportunity to see what true excess and decadence looked like at the time. Although the " nephew" of the pope (son) he later was in contention to be the pope himself but was denied not because of being black but because he was a "bastard" ,his mother married after he was born. For other uses, see, The house which forms the architectural core of the present palace was built for the first. Her eldest son, George, was appointed as prince regent in 1811 due to the increasing severity of the King's illness. They were parents to daughter . "[21] When the King collapsed one night, she refused to be left alone with him and successfully insisted that she be given her own bedroom. Reprsentation hraldique de la couronne ducale. "As a woman, an immigrant, a person who may have had African forebears, botanist, a queen who opposed slavery - she speaks to Americans, especially in a city in the south like Charlotte that is trying to redefine itself.". Her granddaughter, Antoinette de Neufchatel, married Philipp, Graf von Salm. Putting the history on top of the table should make for opportunities for provocative, healing conversations.". Stockmar, who served as personal physician to the queen's granddaughter's husband LeopoldI of Belgium, arrived at court just two years before Charlotte's death in 1816. Charlotte then became Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. "She was famously ugly," says Desmond Shawe-Taylor, surveyor of the Queen's pictures. The writer Fanny Burney, at that time one of the Queen's attendants, overheard her moaning to herself with "desponding sound": "What will become of me? Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a small north-German duchy in the Holy Roman Empire.. Please note that these Sephardic Jews are different from the Eastern European Ashkenazi Jews. Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. 233 E. Redwood Street Suite 600G Baltimore, MD 21202. On William's death, Charlotte's bequest then sparked a protracted dispute between her granddaughter Queen Victoria, who claimed the jewels as the property of the British Crown, and Charlotte's now eldest-surviving son Ernest, who claimed the jewels by right of being the most senior male member of the House of Hanover. Charlotte had organized apartments to be prepared and ready for the refugee royal family of France to occupy. Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents. According to historian Mario de Valdes y Cocom, Charlotte "was directly descended from a black branch of the Portuguese royal family, related to Margarita de Castro e Souza, a 15th-century . It is well known and accepted. [But] Sir Allan Ramsay was the artist responsible for the majority of the paintings of the queen, and his representations of her were the most decidedly African of all her portraits. Valdes wrote about her likely ancestor, as well as the queens mulatto features: Queen Charlotte, wife of the English King George III (1738-1820), was directly descended from Margarita de Castro y Sousa, a black branch of the Portuguese Royal House. Margarita de Castro e Souza - Academic Dictionaries and . It certainly wouldn't show that they are significantly black. *Felgueiras Gayo & Carvalhos de Basto, "Nobilirio das Famlias de Portugal", Braga, 1989. [45] Queen Charlotte and Queen Marie Antoinette of France had maintained a close relationship. [65], Queen Charlotte was played by Frances White in the 1979 television series Prince Regent, by Helen Mirren in the 1994 film The Madness of King George, [66] and by Guyanese-British actress Golda Rosheuvel in the 2020 Netflix original series Bridgerton.[67]. Is there any evidence for this spelling, or is this inferred from the cognate and etym forms (English "Margaret", and Italian, Russian etc. When the research was first published in 1999, the Sunday Times wrote, an American genealogist has established that Queen Charlotte, the wife of George III, was directly descended from the illegitimate son of an African mistress in the Portuguese royal house., Debates over Charlottes ancestry and race were renewed by Prince Harrys marriage to Meghan Markle, with questions over whether she was truly the first person of color to join the royal family. Na verdade, foi popularizada pelo historiador Mario de Valdes y Cocom, segundo o qual a rainha Carlota descende de D. Afonso III de Portugal . Perhaps she should get more. Johann Christian Bach, eleventh son of the great Johann Sebastian Bach, was then music-master to the Queen. She could not bring herself to visit him very often, due to his erratic behaviour and occasional violent reactions. This material may not be reproduced without permission. A funerary hatchment displaying the Queen's full coat of arms, painted in 1818, is on display at Kew Palace. Married to King George III (who is portrayed by James Fleet on the series), Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was Queen of the United Kingdom from 1761 to 1818. Or would our royal family be threatened if it were shown they had African forebears? Among those who attended Aptekar's focus groups is congressman Mel Watt, one of very few African-Americans in the House of Representatives and who represents the 12th district of North Carolina which includes Charlotte. And the city's art gallery, the Mint museum, holds a sumptuous 1762 portrait of Charlotte by the Scottish portrait painter Allan Ramsay, showing the Queen of England in regal robes aged 17, the year after she married George III. 62.48.171.17 14:58, 26 October 2006 (UTC), What about the possibility of this family/person having Sephardic Jewish ancestry? "The Expediency of Securing Our American Colonies, &c." (1763), p. 14. When told by the Prince of Wales that the King was to be removed to Kew, but that she should move to Queen's House or to Windsor, she successfully insisted that she accompany her spouse to Kew. Washington, DC Office However, Charlotte remained supportive of her spouse as his illness, now believed to be porphyria, worsened in old age. "None of them shows her as African, and you'd suspect they would if she was visibly of African descent. [6] According to Doctor Warren, Doctor Willis had pressed him to declare the King sane on the orders of the Queen. Margarita married Jean II, count of Neufchtel (1414-1489), and their issue propagated throughout Europe. p. xvi, 18. In an age of discovery, when such travellers and explorers as Captain James Cook and Sir Joseph Banks were constantly bringing home new species and varieties of plants, she ensured that the collections were greatly enriched and expanded. Three days of public celebrations followed, and on 17 August 1761, the Princess set out for Britain, accompanied by her brother, Duke Adolphus Frederick, and by the British escort party. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. About Margarita de Castro e Sousa Doa Margarita de Caftro, Dama de la Infanta Doa Ifabel, caf en Borgoa con Juan de Neufchaftel, hijo fegundo de Theovaldo, feptimo Seor de Neufchaftel y de Caftelfur Mofela, Cavallero del Toyfon y Gran Marifcal de Borgoa. Elizabeth was an eighth-generation descendant of Margarita de Castro e Sousa (d. 1483). "I took my cues from the passionate responses of individuals whom I asked to help me understand what Queen Charlotte represents to them.". She took an interest in the War of the Bavarian Succession (17781779), and it is possible that it was due to her efforts that the King supported British intervention in the continuing conflict between JosephII and Charles Theodore of Bavaria in 1785. They were parents to daughter . "We all recognised that we all came from some place else. [20] Charlotte particularly interested herself in German issues. It is believed she did not visit him again after June 1812. This connection to Madragana comes via Charlotte's 15th century ancestor Margarita de Castro e Souza, a member of the Portuguese nobility, who - some assert - may have been Black. [30], Queen Charlotte has also been credited with introducing the Christmas tree to Britain and its colonies. [6] Charlotte turned to her German companions for friends, notably her close confidante Juliane von Schwellenberg. That, surely, depends on how we define what it is to be black. [50] Certain personal assets that the Queen had brought from Mecklenburg-Strelitz were to revert to the senior branch of that dynasty, while the remainder of her assets, including her books, linen, art objects and china, were to be evenly divided among her surviving daughters. He claims that the queen, though German, was directly descended from a black branch of the Portuguese royal family, related to Margarita de Castro e Souza, a 15th-century Portuguese. She maintained a close relationship with Queen Marie Antoinette of France, and the French Revolution likely enhanced the emotional strain felt by Charlotte. The ceremony was performed at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker. Pgs. They set out at once for London, spent that night in Witham, at the residence of Lord Abercorn, and arrived at 3:30 pm the next day at St. James's Palace in London. The suggestion that Queen Charlotte was black implies that her granddaughter (Queen Victoria) and her great-great-great-great-granddaughter (Queen Elizabeth II) had African forebears. The Ogre (talk) 17:55, 26 May 2009 (UTC), Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz#Claims of African ancestry, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Margarita_de_Castro_e_Souza&oldid=339518201, This page was last edited on 23 January 2010, at 11:35. [50] In her will, proven at Doctor's Commons on 8 January 1819, the Queen bequeathed her husband the jewels she had received from him, unless he remained in his state of insanity, in which case the jewels were to become an heirloom of the House of Hanover. "One courtier once said of Charlotte late in life: 'Her Majesty's ugliness has quite faded.' Muito antes do recm-nascido Archie, filho do prncipe Harry e da duquesa Meghan Markle, a ascendncia africana j estava presente na famlia real britnica.Clique para assinar o canal da BBC News Brasil no YouTube O fato foi apontado pela primeira vez em 1996, no programa Frontline, da emissora Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), rede de . Fernando was married to Claude de Vergy (c. 1476 - 1512). She introduced the Christmas tree to Britain, after decorating one for a Christmas party for children from Windsor in 1800. Well break down the theory below. Contribute to Atlanta Black Star today and help us share our narratives. She was the youngest daughter of Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Mirow (17081752) and of his wife Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen (17131761). "The word 'blackamoor' in Shakespeare's time meant Muslim. There are plenty of pieces of jewelry in the Windsor vaults today that have sentimental connections to Princess Charlotte's grandmother, the late Diana, Princess of Wales. This page was last edited on 10 November 2022, at 17:13. At 9:00 pm that same evening (8 September 1761), within six hours of her arrival, Charlotte was united in marriage with King GeorgeIII. ", Given that historians differ so widely on whether Charlotte was the first mixed-race queen in British royalty, we rate this claim as Unproven.. However, before they were expelled from both countries (from Spain in 1492; Portugal in 1497) these Jews often intermarried to some extent with the royalty and upper-classes of those countries, and thus some lingered on in those countries a bit even after the vast bulk had been expelled (many remain even today). Dukedoms?. Despite being thus feted, Charlotte has not yet had much attention, say, during the annual Black History week in Britain. Countess Antonie Sibylle of Barby-Mhlingen. As princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Sophie Charlotte was descended directly from an African branch of the Portuguese Royal House, Margarita de Castro y Sousa. ,viveu no sculo XVII ), Senhora de Basto e Condessa de Vimioso, filha unica de D. Joana de Castro e do 4 donatrio da capitania de Pernambuco D. Duarte de Albuquerque Coelho, seu pai durante o reinado de D. Filipe III, tambm ostentou os ttulos de Conde de Pernambuco, e Marques de Basto. Very likely I should not have been acquainted with either poet or poem was it not for you[19], Charlotte did have some influence on political affairs through the King. Charlotte was a patron of the arts and an amateur botanist who helped expand Kew Gardens. You'd expect they would have a field day if she was.". A teoria no nova e tem dividido os historiadores. In fact, Charlotte may not have been our first black queen: there is another theory that suggests that Philippa of Hainault (1314-69), consort of Edward III and a woman who may have had African ancestry, holds that title. [53], Places named after her include the Queen Charlotte Islands (now known as Haida Gwaii) in British Columbia, Canada, and Queen Charlotte City on Haida Gwaii; Queen Charlotte Sound (not far from the Haida Gwaii Islands); Queen Charlotte Channel (near Vancouver, Canada); Queen Charlotte Bay in West Falkland; Queen Charlotte Sound, South Island, New Zealand; several fortifications, including Fort Charlotte, Saint Vincent; Charlottesville, Virginia; Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island; Charlotte, North Carolina;[54] Mecklenburg County, North Carolina; Mecklenburg County, Virginia; Charlotte County, Virginia, Charlotte County, Florida, Port Charlotte, Florida, Charlotte Harbor, Florida, and Charlotte, Vermont. Maria de Castro; Isabel de Castro and D. Garcia de Castro, senhor do Paul de Boquilobo less, Doa Margarita de Caftro, Dama de la Infanta Doa Ifabel, caf en Borgoa con Juan de Neufchaftel, hijo fegundo de Theovaldo, feptimo Seor de Neufchaftel y de Caftelfur Mofela, Cavallero del Toyfon y Gran Marifcal de Borgoa. The French Revolution of 1789 probably added to the strain that Charlotte felt. "Queen Charlotte, wife of the English King George III (1738-1820), was directly descended from Margarita de Castro y Sousa, a Black branch of the Portuguese Royal House," Valdes wrote for PBS' Frontline. Margarida Alexandra Castro de Souza e Albuquerque * 1968; Margarida de Andrade de Albuquerque; Margarida de Arruda Coutinho de Medeiros Albuquerque; Margarida Brbara Joaquina de Albuquerque * 1750; D. Margarida Campos de Carvalho de Alarco Albuquerque * 2011; Margarida Cndida de Lacerda Aranha Mouro e Albuquerque; Margarida da Cunha de . Queen Charlotte doesnt have any kind of continuity, so youll see her in lots of different outfits, lots of different wigs, and it kind of adds to the creativity of her character, the actress says, adding that shes quite feisty; she loves a gossip, and consequently becomes determined to find out the true identity of mysterious columnist Lady Whistledown. Sep 27, 2015 - Margarita de Castro e Souza genealogy and descent - Madragana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Furthermore, her portraiture was not atypical for her time, and painted portraits in general should not be considered reliable evidence of a sitter's true appearance. Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova Margarita de Castro e Sousa's 11x great grandson was Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse and the Rhein Margarita de Castro e Sousa's 11x great granddaughter was Princess Alice, Countess Of Athlone Margarita de Castro e Sousa's 11x great granddaughter was Grand Duchess Mariya Mikhailovna Of Russia Margarita de Castro e . 444 y 445. Wife of Jean II de Neufchtel, seigneur de Montagu Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen consort of Great Britain and Ireland, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Mirow, Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Adolphus Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg, Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach, "Bird of Paradise Flower (Strelitzia Reginae)", "How Queen Charlotte Mecklenburg brought Christmas tree here", "Why Queen Charlotte Really Deserves The Credit For Bringing The Christmas Tree To Britain", "King George III, bipolar disorder, porphyria and lessons for historians", "The acute mania of King George III: A computational linguistic analysis", "Inside Queen Charlotte's Ball, the glamorous, Champagne-filled event for affluent debutantes from around the world", "Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg, Charlotte", "Queen Charlotte Walks in Her Garden, Charlotte", A Historical Sketch of Rutgers University, National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form for Queens Campus at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, "What 'Bridgerton' Got Right About Queen Charlotte", "Queen Charlotte's Hatchment returns to Kew", "Explained: What we know of Queen Charlotte, claimed to be 'Britain's Black queen', "Sex and Race: Negro-Caucasian Mixing in All Ages and All Lands, Volume I: The Old World", "Britain's black queen: Will Meghan Markle really be the first mixed-race royal? 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