Textiles with blue, red, and black dye designs are made into blankets, skirts, and G-strings. The good deeds of the dead are extolled in elaborate ceremonies. The pacification did pave the way for foreign missionaries to enter the Ifugao heartland. A very popular form of Ifugao art is sculpture. The Philippine Commission headed by Dean Worcester created Mountain Province, composed of seven sub-provinces, namely, Benguet, Amburayan, Bontoc, Ifugao, Lepanto, Apayao, and Kalinga. The narrow northwestern coast of Luzon directly facing the West Philippine Sea is the native domain of the Ilocano. Probably the most iconic images of the Ifugao culture are the ones of the Banaue Rice Terraces and those of their bu'luls, totemic male and female figures carved in wood, usually less than a meter tall, and used in rituals and as guardian figures. 1978. One of these doors is provided with a removable ladder. The traditional kinship system of the Ifugao has also been manipulated by traditional politicians. Two years later, Marcos issued a provision on the decree, penalizing modification, alteration, repair, or destruction of the original features of the terraces. Lorica, Loreto Q. A traditional engagement requires the boy to serve at the girls home by performing domestic tasks. 1966. Abundance of ecosystem services which have been developed for centuries in this system serves for the whole impoverished . Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now. Our Own Voice, March. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Chanted by two groups of male singers representing male and female personae, the alim sings of the virtues of the rich, and when performed at wakes, narrates the life and achievements of the dead person. Baki or rituals express the Ifugaos religious beliefs and are led by the mombaki. Houses may be in clusters, as in Banaue, or scattered in irregular rows, such as those in the Mayoyao area. Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now, Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy, Post Comments http://www.nnc.gov.ph/related-links/item/1403. Weaving is traced to a certain deity called Punholdayan. The rapid assimilation of the Ifugao into the global economic and social system has eroded these ideas. Divorce ceremonies are performed by the mombaki with an animal offering in the couples house. It is believed to hasten the ripening of the rice grains. The heat and smoke serve to dry the interior as well as the grain stored in the upper part of the house. Both the husband and wife can reclaim the wealth and property they owned before their marriage. The mombaki was the head of the Ifugao village. LUZON. In 1995, because of its rice terrace clusters, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared Banaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, and Mayoyao as World Heritage Sites. Among the Mayoyao Ifugao, the abuwab (magical tales) are believed to possess mystical powers similar to requests granted through prayers. When a warrior is killed, the bangibang (funeral, war, or revenge dance), is performed during his burial rites. In 1979, several hundreds of Ifugao natives were recruited to play Montagnard Indians in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now. Simple abong huts are also used as shelter in the rice fields. Beyer, Henry Otley. The kadangyan were the elite land owners of rice fields, the tagu were kadangyan relatives who did not hold elite status, and the nawotwot who were considered poor worked for the kadangyan. It also reinforced lowland perception of their highland compatriots as being backward and unchanging. Its two ends hang loose in front and at the back, and reach down to the knees. Souvenir program published by the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Manila in conjunction with the event of the same name, 25-26 October. 4695. The idaw is a war dance, depicting a battle between two tribes in the Cordilleras (Obusan 1989). They are expected to obey and respect their parents at all times and help them with work. Lodriguito, Benjamin G. 1978. New York: Brewer and Warren. They are usually made in pairs, but there seems to be no rule with regard to sex and posture. Orosa-Goquingco, Leonor. Batok is the male practice of tattooing, commonly done on the chest, shoulders, and arms. The wife closely assists the husband, and she takes his place as head of the family when he dies. In 1832, Colonel Guillermo Galvey pillaged Kiangan, using Ilocano and Pangasinan troops to retaliate against Ifugao attacks on Nueva Vizcaya and Cagayan towns. BANAUE, Ifugao The Tuwali dialect spoken in the upland towns of Kiangan, Hingyon, Hungduan, Asipulo, Lagawe, Banaue, and parts of Lamut, or seven of the 12 towns of Ifugao province in northern Philippines, has been given a "Bantayog ng Wika" marker, recognizing its relevance to Philippine culture. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. The Ifugao are also known for their narrative literature such as the Hudhud. Wind instruments include the ungiyong (bamboo nose flute); the tongali (mouth flute), which has six holes and can be blown from both ends of the flute; and the hupip (mouth flute), which is made of runo reed as thin as a pen. [Candle]). The pinugo is part of a strict tribal law designed to protect the environment. In general, Ifugao music can be classified into instrumental and vocal, with vocal music often performed without musical accompaniment. Feasts are a measure of an Ifugaos prestige or rank. This is considered highly indecent. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Got Something to Say? The indinwa, which is less commonly woven, is shorter than the intinlu but longer than the working skirt. Among these were members of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM) composed of Roman Catholic priests, nuns, and lay workers from Belgium. . Another ornament may be a small shell attached to the middle stripe at the front end of the G-string (Vanoverbergh 1929, 201). Social classes exist in Ifugao society, and these are based on wealth, indicated by the possession of heirloom objects such as antique porcelain; sacrificial animals like carabaos, pigs, and chickens; other household items of value; and a considerable amount of money. Kinship is of primary importance in traditional Ifugao life. 1967. To this group also belong the field workers who do not own land but serve the kadangyan either as servants or tenants. CAR also reunited the former mountain provinces, including Abra as a special region. You can read the details below. The mens hair is cut so that it resembles a tight cap around the head. On the Cordillera. Some Ifugao proverbs are: Hay uya-uy di puntupong hi kinadangyan di ohan, (The feast is the yardstick of a persons wealth. Meat is also stored in these baskets. 2014. The father has the final say in family activities such as work in the fields, childrens care and training, and feasts. Hikgut is the ritual sweeping of the house when the rice that is kept in the attic is first used. Baguio City: The Catholic School Press. Sometimes these magical tales begin in Chuligan, the legendary house of Bugan and Wigan, and end at the house of the husband and wife for whom the rites are being performed. A soloist does the narration, and a group choruses its affirmation of the narrative at regular intervals. By January 1949, the Spaniards had subdued Kiangan, enough to compel 1,076 families to pay a tribute of three or four gantas of rice each. Houses are arranged according to the shape of the terraces. Roll, Christian. The Half-way Sun: Life among the Headhunters of the Philippines. In 1850, Oscariz used another tacticthat of divide-and-ruleby using Mayoyao ang Bunhian recruits to attack Kambalo. The Ifugao practice a centuries-old forest management system called pinugo or muyong. traditional indigenous culture without so much changes made. This was reflected by the victory of independent candidates for mayoral positions. His name was derived from the word Philippines. In wedding rituals, the mombaki inspects the bile of the sacrificial animals to read the wishes of the gods. The upper part reaches to a little above the head. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Funi or buni derives from kabunian or abniyan (skyworld). Remittances from Ifugao working abroad and in Philippine cities combined with the perception of farming as a low-status occupation greatly diminished the prestige of Ifugao farming technologies.10 The past decade, however, has seen the Sometimes the tale is about another Wigan, a brother of Bugan who represents the relative of either husband or wife. Accessed 5 November 2014. http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Cordillera%20Administrative%20Region.pdf. Proverbs are also used to stress a point even in ordinary conversations. The Ifugao peoples response to the public outcry was this: While non-Ifugao Filipinos look upon these terraces as a national symbol and hold them responsible for the maintenance and preservation of these, they, on the other hand, must go where economic security beckons. A platform supported by the beams or rafters underneath the roof is where palay (unhusked rice) is stored. In the caao, which is a prestige feast that can last three to four days, all those who eat at the feast are obliged to dance (Obusan 1989). . After the farmers have worked on the fields all day, they may dance the paypayto to the beat of the gangsa. In the Kiangan district, the rich are composed of three groups: the kadangyan, ordinary rich; the ballihung or immuyya-uy, the middle elite; and the himagabi, the wealthiest. This thrilling dance could last until the wee hours of the night (Obusan 1991). While this goes on, the priest mentions the names of the deities to whom the offerings are made. McKay, Deirde, and Padmapani L. Perez. Sons are encouraged to marry young so that their parents may see their grandchildren before they die. 1970. Later, it is placed next to the first bundles of rice harvest. Adogna, the blankets right-side up, is considered its back; and putuna, its reverse side, is its stomach. There are several types of blankets. The mourners, men and women alike, wear the red leaves of the dongla plant, asymbol of war (Orosa-Goquingco 1980, 72). Other governors and government officials intermarried with Ifugao women during their stay. Ifugao, group of wet-rice agriculturalists occupying the mountainous area of northern Luzon, Philippines. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. After Aguinaldos capture in Palanan, Isabela, in 1901, American troops continued to explore the Cordillera mountains. The other gongs are played with sticks that strike the inner surface of the gong. Heads were proudly displayed in the Ifugao home as a sign of prestige and gallantry. Accessed 6 November. . The Ifugao mark stages of their life cycle with rituals and ceremonies invoking the gods and deities. Scott, William Henry. The system ensures conservation of the forest for fuel, housing, and irrigation for the terraces. In minor rites, the dried skin and inner layer of the pigs jowls are offered. The bulol are carved as seated or standing human figures, although in some areas, figures of pigs are also carved. Three to six months later, the wedding ceremony is performed by the mombaki in the girls home. Manila: Bureau of Printing. Soon Aguinaldos men resorted to outright confiscation of food supplies, which earned for them the title black hawks or chicken-stealing fowl. This made the Ifugao desire not only the rifles but even more so the heads of the soldiers. Nutriskwela Community Radio. Nutriskwela Community Radio Network. The hangbo are red and yellow designs, woven at both ends of the G-string. The film dramatizes the struggles of the Ifugao against the American colonizers. Containers are placed alongside the figures during ceremonies. Even the Ifugao, who lived in Spanish garrison towns and sought protection from the Spanish military against their own Ifugao enemies, rebelled against Spanish colonial taxes and military abuse. The typical residents of the house are a family consisting of the couple and their small child. The posts support the one-room house, which in turn supports the roof. A low-pitched gong is the tobob, about 25 centimeters in diameter, which is beaten either with the open palms or clenched fists. Soon, Bugan becomes pregnant by Kabigat. However, the upper portion of the skirt usually reveals the navel, so a balko (belt) secures the skirt around her stomach. However, many Ifugao still find the ritual authority of mombaki as complementary to the evolving cultural needs of Ifugao communities in contemporary times. It may be said that the Ifugao have deified their weaving process because for every step in the weaving process, there is a deity named after it. . In Kiangan, the priests tulud is a recitation of the myth while moving from one place to another. Dress and Adornment in the Mountain Province of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Catholic Anthropological Conference 1 (5): 181-242. There are five occasions for the holding of prestige feasts: the uyuawe or baiyah, in which chickens bile sacs are examined for omens; the balog, in which the host indicates his rank with a wooden stick to which is attached hanging leaves and knives; the kolat or lotob, which marks the male heirs first haircut; the hagabi, when the hagabi bench is made or taken into the owners house; and the kamalig, when a wooden floor, instead of the cheaper runo mat, is laid underneath the house on which the priest could hold rituals. Dancing, meanwhile, takes center stage during rituals, religious activities, and special occasions. The Ifugaos artistry is also reflected in what they wear. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company Inc. Dacanay, Julian Jr. 1988. The crocodiles let him walk on their scaly back, and he dives headlong into the deep waters, arriving safely afterward in the abode of the underworld gods. Men and women, young and old alike, sing. A centerpiece of this belt may be a large white shell with a smaller red shell attached to its center. When the two marry, they move to the city and have a child. In Luis Nepomucenos Igorota, 1968, Charito Solis plays the role of an Ifugao maiden who falls in love with a man from the city. Musicians march along with the warriors and lean in unison, first to the right and then to the left, striking one end of their instrument and then the other. Carrying baskets have been so designed as to leave a persons hands free to carry other loads. The Tuwali use white, black, and red, with the last being the dominant color. The Banaue Hotel and Youth Hostel was soon constructed in the municipality of Banaue. For as long as there was military presence, the Ifugao welcomed the protection of the friars, who were aiming to convert them. Ifugao workers improved their economic condition, and disparities in wealth were not very significant. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Ifugao Ifugao is home to a thriving ancient culture and host to the famous rice terraces. Bulol wood is usually of narra, a symbol of wealth, happiness, and well-being. Murder victims are allowed a three-day vigil with only the relatives present. Its highest elevation is at 2,523 meters, and its waters flow toward Magat River, a tributary of the Cagayan River. For their fllors, they flattered bamboo slices. Ifugao is also the name of a province, one among six of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). This practice was scorned by the Belgian missionaries, who introduced a Catholic education system that led to several changes in the Ifugaos traditional lifeway. Enkiwe-Abayao, Leah. The men wear copper wire leglets coiled around 20 to 40 times beginning from just above the calf and gradually widening downward to follow the contour of the calf. 2013. http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/713862/. At the right hand corner of the house, a few inches lower than the floor, is a fireplace under and around which soil is spread out. The Hudhud of Dinulawan and Bugan at Gonhadan, on the other hand, narrates Bugans search for a husband, her marriage to Daulayan, Aliguyons long-lost brother, and the courtship and wedding of Aginaya, Aliguyuns sister, and Dinulawan, Bugans brother. This study will help her explain and illustrate in a more realistic approach the way Ifugao The Kiangan dancing bulol have separately carved and pegged arms. 1912. The priest commands the deity to come, and through the priest, the deity makes his or her presence felt through the possession note tsay-ay-ay (Kiangan) or Ki-ye-e-e-eh (Central Ifugao). Cimatu, Frank. Although there are basic movement patterns to follow, they are free to move as they please, forming a line, for instance, or dance individually. A quenching rite, performed by throwing boiling water from the cauldron into the coals, is done and an invocation is again performed. The Mayawyaw Ritual. The kadangyan build their houses in the central terraces. Most Ifugao sculptures are carved from wood, although a few use metal. Some households keep carved wooden bulul figures representing mythological deities to ensure good harvests and to protect the fields and granaries. Myths are generally told in the present tense although the narratives take place in the past. Attached to each post is a wooden disk to prevent rats from climbing up the house. The babbong is a rattan strip instrument usually played by children before harvest time. Being brother and sister, Kabigat and Bugan leave earth for the downstream region and here bear three children who are deities: Ampuwal, the ancestor of all evil spirits; Ngilin, the ancestor of jealous spirits; and Ambummabbakal, ancestor of all Matangulan gods. The term Ifugao is composed of the prefix i meaning people of and pugaw meaning the cosmic earth. It could also have been derived from the term ipugo, which means from the hill. Ifugao mythology, however, says that ipugo is a type of rice grain given to the people by Matungulan, the god of grains. Pongo (armlets) are also made of copper, with the coils decreasing in width to follow the contour of the arm. (Touch the house and the owner runs about. A ginuttu (belt), worn on special occasions, is made of small, round, white shells strung together with a dyed red rattan string. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. The Ifugao Archaeological Project (IAP), a community-led and collaborative research program of the Save the Ifugao Terraces Movement, University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Anthropological Conference. This romanticism perpetuated a historically flawed narrative of the Ifugao as a people and as a culture. Since animals cannot be used because of the steep terraces, men upturn the soil with wooden spades after soaking the paddy. 1929. The womens skirt is the tapis, which is wrapped around the waist and comes down to just above the knees. In 1849, for instance, the Ifugao in Mayoyao asked for a priest and built a church in their village. Additionally, more opportunities for wage labor in nearby provinces, such as in the logging areas of Isabela and of Maddela, Quirino, and in the citrus orchards of Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya, besides those in urban centers like Baguio City and Manila, and overseas like Hong Kong, Singapore, and Dubai have led to an increase in Ifugao outmigration. But the film won Special Jury Prize at the 2006 Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival. Ifugao Villages and Houses. Catholic Anthropological Conference 1 (April): 117-141. These deities are known only to the mombaki, whose training and preparation for this position take a number of years. Bulol height usually ranges from 30-60 centimeters . Origin Myths Among the Mountain Peoples of the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 8 (2): 85-116. The intinlu is made of three pieces of cloth, joined together by a takdog or takdang and other stitches, which are made using a black thread alternating with white. Large spoons and animal-shaped containers are also carved for local use and as souvenir items. Alim is a ritual song. IFUGAO, Philippines Aided by a pair of glasses and a traditional short, curved dagger, 69-year-old farmer Rosita Gano harvests rice grains, one stalk after another, using only one hand, a . As soon as the pigs bile shows signs favorable to the couple being married, the native rice wine tapoy is passed around and the imbajah dance begins. The knowledge of pedigrees is of paramount importance to the Ifugao. National Statistical Coordinating Board. When all this stored rice has been consumed, the apui is performed. The mens effects, such as a betelnut container, kottiwong (small knife), spoon, and amulets are carried in a butong (hip bag), which is a triangular cloth pouch. ARTS OF Adults who die a natural death are given five days of vigil, sometimes nine, depending on their social status. Butch Perezs Mumbaki, 1996, narrates the story of an Ifugao chieftains son who is torn between leaving the country to work as a doctor and staying in their homeland to fulfill his responsibilities. A blanket may also be worn around a mans head like a turban. Head-hunters of Northern Luzon. National Geographic Magazine 23 (September): 833-930. 2004. Rice is grown mainly on the terraces, while sweet potatoes and other tubers are grown on the mountainsides that they have cleared. Dances are also performed as part of rituals. Manila: The Bookmark, Inc. Lauzon, Lucenio Martin L., Robert James de Roque, and Alex Nicolas P. Tamayo. This long bench made of hardwood is constructed with ritualized feasting called hagabi performed during the tialgo or the lean period of the year, April and May, that is, when rice is scarce. If the dead were rich, there is gong playing and dancing. Dulawan, Lourdes S. 1967. Hunting begins with Ifugao rules being strictly followed by the hunters. Ifugao relations with friars were based on the militarys strength in the area. For every type of crime, there is a corresponding punishment. Cultural differences and the city peoples prejudices cause them to move back to the Ifugao community at the rice terraces. Thus, in the history of Ifugao-American relations, several soldiers and government officials became apo (ancestor), including Lieutenant Levi Case and Captain Lewis Patstone, who conducted the initial negotiations with the town leaders of Ifugao. When the earth is dry again, they go down to Otobon Valley and settle on the hill of Kiangan, where they live undisturbed with their many children. Myths concerning the origin of the bulol are recited. The house is windowless so as to keep the cold out. The myth or tulud recitation ends with the word, Kalidi. The priest then enumerates the benefits to be obtained from the recitation, ending with the phrase, because thou art being mythed (Barton, 7-9). 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